i guess it depends what you want to talk about.
The short answer is:
it's all done in C using relatively current mcus. C is still predominantly the language used for embedded devices. It is probably teh best language to learn if you are trying to do embedded systems stuff. If you are programming for a pc maybe not, android i think you dev in java and iOS has something called objective C (or swift i think officially).
If you really want to do embedded though my advice would be learn c and learn at least a bit about digital hardware and how it works. then i guess learn about dsp and then specifically audio algorithms. Or do it the other way, learn about dsp, then either find a platform to run on or learn how to make your own hardware. Or find someone who can for you etc.
RE non audio programming:
my formal background has little to do with audio but it was all still mostly all signal processing related. i studied engineering and neuroscience so most of the coding was related to neural signal processing, or in undergrad i did some simpler video processing stuff. this was mostly done in matlab or c++ though, since that is more or less what is/was in vogue at the time in academia. i published some papers where you would have to do simulations/analyze a lot of data so you get pretty good at matlab but it is not a very well designed language imho, it just has a lot of libraries, "toolboxes" as the call them and a huge user base for support so you can test maybe complicated algorithms quickly. last year i had a
paper published in an IEEE journal regarding this sort of research but i don't think you can access it without an ieee xplore subscription, but if you are at a university or a library they probably will have access.
You don;t have to go to school to learn about programming or audio though, try coursera, edx, udacity etc. so much free resources and online communities now i almost regret paying for school. (: